Netcat is a simple Unix utility program. This program has the capability to read and write data across network connections and it does so by using UDP or TPC protocol. It was created as a reliable back-end tool.In the simplest usage, "nc host port" creates a TCP connection to the given
port on the given target host. Your standard input is then sent to the host,
and anything that comes back across the connection is sent to your standard
output. This continues indefinitely, until the network side of the connection
shuts down. Note that this behavior is different from most other applications
which shut everything down and exit after an end-of-file on the standard input.
Netcat can also function as a server, by listening for inbound connections
on arbitrary ports and then doing the same reading and writing. With minor
limitations, netcat doesn't really care if it runs in "client" or "server"
mode -- it still shovels data back and forth until there isn't any more left.
In either mode, shutdown can be forced after a configurable time of inactivity
on the network side.
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And it can do this via UDP too, so netcat is possibly the "udp telnet-like"
application you always wanted for testing your UDP-mode servers. UDP, as the
"U" implies, gives less reliable data transmission than TCP connections and
some systems may have trouble sending large amounts of data that way, but it's
still a useful capability to have.
You may be asking "why not just use telnet to connect to arbitrary ports?"
Valid question, and here are some reasons. Telnet has the "standard input
EOF" problem, so one must introduce calculated delays in driving scripts to
allow network output to finish. This is the main reason netcat stays running
until the *network* side closes. Telnet also will not transfer arbitrary
binary data, because certain characters are interpreted as telnet options and
are thus removed from the data stream. Telnet also emits some of its
diagnostic messages to standard output, where netcat keeps such things
religiously separated from its *output* and will never modify any of the real
data in transit unless you *really* want it to. And of course telnet is
incapable of listening for inbound connections, or using UDP instead. Netcat
doesn't have any of these limitations, is much smaller and faster than telnet,
and has many other advantages.
Some of netcat's major features are:
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Outbound or inbound connections, TCP or UDP, to or from any ports
Full DNS forward/reverse checking, with appropriate warnings
Ability to use any local source port
Ability to use any locally-configured network source address
Built-in port-scanning capabilities, with randomizer
Built-in loose source-routing capability
Can read command line arguments from standard input
Slow-send mode, one line every N seconds
Hex dump of transmitted and received data
Optional ability to let another program service established connections
Optional telnet-options responder
Efforts have been made to have netcat "do the right thing" in all its various
modes. If you believe that it is doing the wrong thing under whatever
circumstances, please notify me and tell me how you think it should behave.
If netcat is not able to do some task you think up, minor tweaks to the code
will probably fix that. It provides a basic and easily-modified template for
writing other network applications, and I certainly encourage people to make
custom mods and send in any improvements they make to it. This is the second
release; the overall differences from 1.00 are relatively minor and have mostly
to do with portability and bugfixes. Many people provided greatly appreciated
fixes and comments on the 1.00 release. Continued feedback from the Internet
community is always welcome!
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